I think that it's more important for modern PHP programming to be familiar with PSR-0, Composer and the Model-View-Controller pattern than necessarily a specific framework, because depending on how simple this site needs to be it can be done entirely by pulling in, say, Twig and a url router and some other packages into Composer.

If you want a framework that does less for you, then consider Slim Framework. If you want one intended for scalable projects with a lot of existing libraries and helpers, then consider Laravel (though in the latter case, the learning curve can be a bit steep.)

Cms -> typo3 Framework -> silverlight

But if you ask me - it's try and error case. Test some frameworks and use the where you feel save. Usually as a beginner you should take one with a bigger userbase (e.g for questions)

+1 to krapp. The patterns in Yii, Cake, Zend are very similar. Try one, then another to see which feels better. Or simple ones like Slim, Twig or Radix

many of the popular frameworks and cms projects are based on (or use many of) symfony2 components. looking at symfony2 and silex will give you a pretty good handle on how they work.