They do: https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter/wiki/Jupyter-kernels

Well, it's called JuPyteR (my capitalisation), and originally supported Julia, Python and R. The exact provenance of the name is a bit unclear, but it's either deliberate or a happy coincidence.

Pluto.jl is also 'like Jupyter', but better and more popular among Julia users, as far as I know.

Not quite the same. But I guess in Emacs you can have code alongside text alongside images and graphics for pretty much any programming language. Another related concept is literate programming. There comments and code kind of switch roles. The comments (i.e. text) are the primary content and the code is designated (but still executable). I feel like it went a bit out of fashion, but a more modern application of this is ZX markdown scripts:

https://google.github.io/zx/markdown-scripts

Those are markdown files with JavaScript code blocks. The entire file is executable.

Jupyter notebooks is just a software environment under which other software programms run (statistics, sql/db, python, drawing, writing. Language support can be added to the jupyter notebook environment. Adding kernals for multiple languages to jupyter notebooks. [0]

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/datascience/jupyter-kerne...

Kernel addons[1]. Show installed kernels[a]

Polygot notebooks (.net based, vs. traditional python) [5]

[a] : https://docs.posit.co/ide/server-pro/user/2023.03.1/jupyter-...

[b] available kernels : https://gist.github.com/chronitis/682c4e0d9f663e85e3d87e97cd...

[0] : https://note.nkmk.me/en/jupyter-notebook-kernels-bash/

[1] : https://docs.jupyter.org/en/latest/projects/kernels.html

[2] : https://jupyter4edu.github.io/jupyter-edu-book/jupyter.html

[3] : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-work-in-jupyter-noteboo...

[4] Jupyter with other languages such as js : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veaeqd1PET0

[5] jupyter .net : https://github.com/dotnet/interactive

There's Livebook for Elixir.

I've never used Jupyter personally so maybe there's some functionality I'm not aware of, but org-mode + org-babel in Emacs is really great and it does everything I've ever seen other people do with Jupyter.